B.A. English Part-II, Semester III Personality and Leadership Development – I: GO3-VSC-301 [VSC]

 

B.A. English Part-II, Semester III

(2025–26, 26-27 & 2027-28)

Personality and Leadership Development – I: GO3-VSC-301

[VSC]

 

Syllabus

 Unit I Leadership:                                                                                                          

1. Definition and meaning of leadership

2. Leadership and Management

3. Essential qualities of an effective leader

4. Importance of Leadership

 

Unit II Personality Development:                                                                                  

1. Concept and definition of personality

2. Significance of personality development

3. Determinants of personality

4. Personality traits

  

 

Unit I Leadership

1. Definition and Meaning of Leadership

Leadership is one of the most important elements of human life. From families to schools, from villages to big companies, and even in nations, leadership plays a role in guiding people.

• Basic Meaning:
  Leadership is the ability of an individual to guide, inspire, and influence a group of people to achieve a common goal. It is not just about giving orders; it is about creating a vision, motivating others, and taking responsibility.
• Nature of Leadership:
• It is a process of influencing behavior.
• It involves interaction between leader and followers.
• It is based on trust and respect.
• It is not limited to formal positions; even a student can show leadership in a group project.
• Scholarly Definitions:
• Koontz & O’Donnell: "Leadership is the art of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement of group goals."
• Keith Davis: "Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically."
• Chester Barnard: "Leadership is the ability of a superior to influence the behavior of subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action."

In simple words: Leadership means showing the way + winning the trust + motivating the group.

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2. Leadership and Management

Leadership and management are closely connected but they are not identical. Many people think they are the same, but there are important differences.

• Leadership is about inspiring and motivating people.
• Management is about planning, organizing, and controlling work.

 

 

 

 

 

Key Differences

 

Point	Leadership	Management
Meaning	Guiding and influencing people towards goals	Planning and controlling activities to reach goals
Focus	People (emotions, motivation, values)	Tasks (process, structure, systems)
Role	Provides vision and direction	Provides discipline and order
Approach	Inspires and motivates	Plans and executes
Dependence	Depends on trust and respect	Depends on authority and position
Style	More personal and informal	More formal and structured
Outcome	Long-term change, growth, innovation	Short-term efficiency, stability, control

 

Example:

• During India’s freedom struggle:
• Mahatma Gandhi was a leader because he inspired millions with vision and trust.
• British administrators were managers who organized government machinery.
• In a company:
• A CEO (leader) sets vision: “We will make eco-friendly cars.”
• A Project Manager executes plans: allocates budget, assigns work, checks progress.

Conclusion: Leadership without management is like a dream without action. Management without leadership is like action without direction. Both are necessary for success.

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3. Essential Qualities of an Effective Leader

A leader is not simply a boss. A true leader earns respect, motivates others, and brings out the best in people. The qualities of an effective leader are:

1. Vision and Foresight
• A leader should have a clear idea of what he/she wants to achieve.
• Vision gives direction to the group.
• Ex: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s vision of India as a developed nation inspired youth.
2. Communication Skills
• A leader must express thoughts clearly and listen patiently.
• Communication is a two-way process—speaking and listening.
• Ex: A good teacher explains concepts well but also listens to students’ doubts.
3. Integrity and Honesty
• Without honesty, a leader loses trust.
• People follow those who are truthful and fair.
• Ex: Ratan Tata is respected not just for success but for his ethical values.
4. Confidence
• A confident leader motivates people to believe in themselves.
• Confidence is contagious; it spreads to the team.
• Ex: In cricket, M.S. Dhoni’s calm confidence motivated the Indian team.
5. Decision-making Ability
• Leaders face difficult situations. They must take the right decision quickly.
• Wrong decisions can mislead the whole group.
• Ex: In war, military leaders must take life-saving decisions instantly.
6. Motivational Power
• Leadership means encouraging people to give their best efforts.
• Motivation can be through appreciation, rewards, or encouragement.
• Ex: A principal who praises students’ hard work motivates them to improve more.
7. Empathy and Emotional Intelligence
• Empathy = ability to understand others’ feelings.
• A leader who cares for followers creates loyalty.
• Ex: Mahatma Gandhi identified with the struggles of common people, which made him a true leader.
8. Accountability
• A leader takes responsibility for success and failure.
• A poor leader blames others, but a true leader accepts mistakes.
• Ex: A good captain says “We lost because of my decisions,” not “because of the team.”
9. Adaptability and Flexibility
• Situations change—leaders must adjust.
• A rigid leader may fail in crises.
• Ex: During COVID-19, leaders who adapted to online teaching or remote work succeeded.
10. Team-building Ability

• Leaders create unity among diverse people.
• They encourage cooperation, avoid conflicts, and bring harmony.
• Ex: A company leader who respects all employees creates strong teamwork.

Conclusion: A leader is not born with all these qualities, but learns and develops them with experience, practice, and dedication.

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4. Importance of Leadership

Leadership is essential in every sphere of life—family, education, business, politics, and society. Without leadership, groups lack direction and motivation.

Why is Leadership Important?

1. Provides Vision and Direction
• People need guidance to know what to achieve.
• A leader gives this direction.
• Ex: A teacher guides students towards a career path.
2. Motivates People
• Leadership inspires people to put in more effort.
• Motivation increases productivity and enthusiasm.
• Ex: A coach inspires players to practice harder for victory.
3. Builds Morale and Confidence
• Leadership increases trust, courage, and hope among members.
• It creates a positive environment.
• Ex: Soldiers feel brave under an inspiring army leader.
4. Brings Unity and Team Spirit
• Leadership reduces conflict, brings cooperation, and develops harmony.
• Ex: In a school project, a student leader divides tasks fairly, ensuring teamwork.
5. Ensures Success and Growth
• Without leadership, plans remain unorganized.
• Leadership ensures that goals are achieved successfully.
• Ex: Successful companies like Infosys or Tata grew because of visionary leadership.
6. Encourages Innovation and Change
• Leaders bring new ideas, creativity, and progress.
• They guide people to accept and adapt to changes.
• Ex: Steve Jobs introduced innovative Apple products through leadership.
7. Handles Crises Effectively
• In difficult times, leaders provide confidence and guidance.
• Ex: During natural disasters, good leaders organize relief quickly.

 

8. Develops Future Leaders
• Good leaders train, inspire, and prepare others to take leadership roles.
• Ex: A teacher who guides students creates leaders for tomorrow.

Conclusion: Leadership is the backbone of any organization, community, or nation. Without it, progress is slow, teamwork breaks, and goals remain unachieved.

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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs with Answers)

Q.1 Leadership mainly deals with:

a) Machines     b) People
c) Money         d) Material
Answer: b) People

Q.2 Who defined leadership as "the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically"?

a) Koontz and O’Donnell       b) Keith Davis
c) Chester Barnard                  d) Henry Fayol
Answer: b) Keith Davis

Q.3 Leadership without management is like:

a) Action without result          b) Dream without action
c) Work without people          d) Success without hard work
Answer: b) Dream without action

Q.4 Management without leadership is like:

a) Work without action           b) Action without direction
c) Effort without success        d) Money without use
Answer: b) Action without direction

Q.5 Which of the following is NOT a quality of an effective leader?

a) Vision                      b) Integrity
c) Dictatorship                        d) Communication
Answer: c) Dictatorship

Q.6 A leader who understands the feelings of followers is showing:

a) Confidence             b) Accountability
c) Empathy                  d) Decision-making
Answer: c) Empathy

  

Q.7 Which one is more task-oriented?

a) Leadership              b) Management
c) Motivation              d) Teamwork
Answer: b) Management

Q.8 “Leaders are made, not born” means:

a) Leadership is hereditary
b) Leadership is based on money
c) Leadership can be developed through training and experience
d) Leadership comes only by luck
Answer: c) Leadership can be developed through training and experience

Q.9 Who among the following is an example of a visionary leader in India?

a) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam                 b) Ratan Tata
c) Mahatma Gandhi                            d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

Q.10 The primary importance of leadership in an organization is:

a) To control money                            b) To provide direction and motivation
c) To increase population                    d) To maintain rules only
Answer: b) To provide direction and motivation

 Short Answer Questions

Q. 1 Define leadership.  Explain its meaning with suitable examples.

Answer:
Leadership is the ability to influence, guide, and inspire people towards achieving a common goal. It is not limited to giving orders; it involves winning the trust of people, motivating them, and providing vision.

• Meaning: Leadership is both an art and a process. It is the art of influencing people and the process of directing them willingly.
• Example: Mahatma Gandhi was a leader because he inspired millions of Indians with his vision of freedom and non-violence. Similarly, in a school project, a student who guides the team, motivates everyone, and ensures success is also showing leadership.

Thus, leadership means showing direction, motivating people, and taking responsibility.

 

Q.2 Differentiate between leadership and management. Why are both important for success?

Answer:

• Leadership is about inspiring people, while management is about organizing work.
• Leadership focuses on people, vision, and motivation.
• Management focuses on rules, plans, and structure.

Differences:

Leadership	Management
Inspires people	Controls tasks
Provides vision	Provides structure
Informal, personal	Formal, positional
Long-term growth	Short-term efficiency

Importance of Both:

• Leadership without management = dream without action.
• Management without leadership = action without direction.

Both are necessary for achieving success. For example, in a company, the CEO (leader) provides vision, while the manager executes it effectively.

 

Q.3 Discuss the essential qualities of an effective leader with examples.

Answer:
An effective leader requires special qualities to inspire and guide people. The essential qualities are:

1. Vision – A leader should know what to achieve. (Ex: Kalam’s dream of developed India).
2. Communication – Clear expression and listening ability.
3. Integrity – Honest and ethical conduct builds trust.
4. Confidence – Creates faith in followers.
5. Decision-making – Right decisions at the right time.
6. Motivation – Inspires people to perform better.
7. Empathy – Understanding followers’ feelings.
8. Accountability – Taking responsibility for actions.
9. Adaptability – Adjusting to new situations.
10. Team-building – Encouraging cooperation.

Example: M.S. Dhoni is considered a great leader because of his calmness, decision-making, and team-building qualities.

 

Q.4 Explain the importance of leadership in an organization.

Answer:
Leadership is the backbone of any organization. Its importance is:

• Provides Vision – Tells people where to go.
• Motivates People – Encourages them to give best effort.
• Builds Morale – Creates confidence and enthusiasm.
• Brings Unity – Reduces conflict, develops teamwork.
• Ensures Success – Converts plans into achievements.
• Encourages Innovation – Inspires new ideas.
• Handles Crises – Guides people in difficult situations.
• Develops Future Leaders – Prepares next generation.

Example: Ratan Tata’s leadership brought unity, innovation, and growth in the Tata group.

 

Q.5 “Leaders are made, not born.” Discuss.

Answer:
The saying means that leadership qualities are developed through learning, experience, and practice, not just by birth.

• A person is not automatically a leader because of family background or position.
• Leadership requires vision, honesty, communication, and responsibility—these are learned and developed.
• Education, training, and challenges shape a person into a leader.

Examples:

• Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam came from a simple family but became a world-respected leader due to hard work, knowledge, and vision.
• Mahatma Gandhi was an ordinary lawyer but became a great leader through dedication and courage.

Thus, anyone with determination and qualities can become a leader.

 

 

Unit II: Personality Development

1) Concept and Definition of Personality

Etymology and Simple Idea

• The word personality comes from Latin persona = “mask” (used by actors).
• Modern meaning: not a mask, but the whole person — how we look, think, feel, speak, and act in different situations.
• In short: Personality = Inner self (mind, emotions, values) + Outer behaviour (communication, manners, actions).

Scholarly Definitions

• G. Allport: Personality is a dynamic (changing) organization of mind and body systems which decide how a person usually behaves.
• R. B. Cattell: Personality is what helps us predict what a person will do in a particular situation.
• Eysenck: Personality is the stable and long‑lasting characteristics that make people different from one another.

Personality is the unique pattern of a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that shows in different situations and over time.

Nature / Characteristics of Personality

1. Uniqueness – Every person has a unique personality because no two individuals have the exact same combination of traits, thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. This uniqueness makes each individual special.
2. Relatively stable – The patterns of our behaviour, attitudes, and emotions remain fairly consistent over time. Although gradual changes can occur due to new experiences or learning, personality is generally stable.
3. Dynamic – Personality is not fixed permanently. It can grow and develop through continuous learning, constructive feedback, and new life experiences. This means we can always improve ourselves.
4. Integrated – Our personality is an integration of thoughts, emotions, motives, and actions. All these parts work together in harmony to make us who we are.
5. Goal directed – Personality always reflects what we value in life and what goals we aim for. For example, an ambitious student’s personality shows determination, focus, and hard work.
6. Both inherited and learned – Personality is influenced by genetic factors (inherited from parents) as well as environmental factors (family, education, culture, and life experiences). Both play a vital role in shaping who we become.

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Personality vs. Character vs. Temperament

• Temperament refers to the natural emotional style of a person, such as being calm, energetic, or reactive. It is largely inborn and biological in nature.
• Character refers to the moral and ethical side of an individual. It includes qualities such as honesty, integrity, and values, which are shaped by upbringing and personal choices.
• Personality is the complete picture of an individual. It includes temperament, character, habits, attitudes, and outward behaviour. In short, personality is broader and covers all aspects of a person.

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2. Significance of Personality Development

For Students

• Personality development gives students confidence in the classroom. It helps them ask questions without hesitation, present ideas clearly, and even take up leadership roles in group activities.
• It indirectly helps students achieve better grades because an organized personality promotes good study habits, effective time management, and reduces exam anxiety.
• During interviews and placements, personality plays a key role in creating a positive first impression through communication skills, grooming, and proper etiquette.

For Career/Profession

• Employers today look for more than just academic skills; they value teamwork, reliability, and a positive attitude. Thus, personality development increases employability.
• It also supports career growth by building leadership qualities, networking ability, influence, and effective client handling skills.
• Personality development improves adaptability, which means professionals can stay calm, flexible, and productive even during changes like new technologies or new job roles.

For Personal/Social Life

• A developed personality helps in building healthy relationships because it includes empathy, listening skills, respect for others, and the ability to set healthy boundaries.
• It helps in stress management as emotionally mature people can regulate their feelings, remain optimistic, and show resilience during difficulties.
• It also builds reputation and trust. People may forget our words but they always remember how we made them feel, and personality plays a big role in that.

For Society

• Personality development shapes responsible citizens who participate actively in civic duties, follow ethical behaviour, and develop a service-oriented mindset.
• Students with developed personalities become role models for their peers and juniors, inspiring others to adopt positive habits.

In short, personality development turns hidden knowledge into visible performance and converts potential into real results.

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3. Determinants of Personality

Personality is shaped by many interacting factors. These can be understood as different ingredients that come together in the recipe of a person’s life.

 Biological/Heredity Factors

• Our genetic makeup and temperament (such as activity level and emotional reactivity) play a role in how we behave.
• The nervous system affects how quickly we respond to situations. For example, some theories link introversion and extraversion with brain arousal patterns.
• Hormonal balance in the body can influence mood and energy levels (for instance, thyroid imbalance can cause low energy).
• Physical constitution and health also matter, as stamina, chronic illness, or disabilities can affect confidence and self-image. With proper support, however, individuals can thrive regardless.

 Family and Early Environment

• Parenting style—whether authoritative, authoritarian, or permissive—greatly affects children’s confidence and independence.
• A secure attachment in childhood builds a sense of safety, which later promotes exploration and social comfort.
• Birth order and family roles may shape traits like responsibility or sociability, although they do not completely determine personality.

Culture, Community, and Socio-economic Context

• Cultural values decide whether people think more about themselves (individualism) or about the group (collectivism).
• Economic background shapes opportunities, aspirations, and coping strategies.
• Language and region influence communication styles, politeness norms, and even humour.

Education and Peer Group

• The climate of schools and colleges—discipline, encouragement, and extracurricular activities—affects personality development.
• Teachers and mentors provide feedback, role modelling, and expectations that shape behaviour.
• Peer groups offer acceptance and teamwork experiences that influence social skills.

Media and Technology

• Social media affects how people compare themselves with others and how they present themselves.
• Digital skills now form part of personality, building confidence in online communication and etiquette.

Situations and Roles

• People behave differently in different contexts, such as at home, in class, or during internships.
• Taking repeated roles like class representative or club leader strengthens certain personality traits over time.

Learning and Life Events

• Personality is shaped by learning through rewards and punishments (conditioning).
• Observational learning, explained by Bandura, shows how people copy role models.
• Major life events such as success, illness, or loss can permanently influence priorities and outlook.

Personal Agency (Self-Effort)

• A growth mindset, where people believe they can improve, plays a major role in personality development.
• Self-concept and self-efficacy (the belief that “I can do this”) motivate action.
• Continuous practice and the development of small habits steadily shape behaviour.

Key point: Personality is not decided by one single factor. It is a product of biology, psychology, social environment, and individual choices.

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4. Personality Traits

The Big Five Model (OCEAN)

The Big Five model is the most widely used framework in modern psychology. Each trait lies on a continuum, and most people fall somewhere in the middle rather than at the extreme ends.

1. Openness to Experience (curious ↔ traditional)
• People high in openness are imaginative and love exploring new ideas and methods.
• Those low in openness prefer routine and familiarity.
• Classroom example: A student high in openness experiments with new study techniques and enjoys projects beyond the syllabus.
2. Conscientiousness (organized ↔ easy-going)
• People high in conscientiousness are punctual, organized, and meet deadlines.
• People lows in conscientiousness often procrastinates and misplace things.
• Career example: High conscientiousness is a strong predictor of reliability and job performance.
3. Extraversion (outgoing ↔ reserved)
• Extraverts are energetic, talkative, and enjoy being in groups.
• Introverts are more reflective and prefer smaller groups, but they can also be excellent leaders.
• Myth buster: Introverts are not always shy; they simply recharge their energy in solitude.
4. Agreeableness (cooperative ↔ competitive)
• People high in agreeableness are kind, trusting, and team-oriented.
• People low in agreeableness may be frank, sceptical, and enjoy debates.
• Team example: High agreeableness helps in conflict resolution, but too much may prevent a person from expressing difficult truths.
5. Neuroticism / Emotional Stability (sensitive ↔ steady)
• High neuroticism means a person often worries and experiences mood swings under stress.
• Low neuroticism (emotional stability) means the person remains calm and resilient.
• Growth tip: Emotional management skills such as deep breathing and positive reframing can reduce stress.

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MCQs (with Answer Key)

1. The term persona originally referred to:
   a) A person’s moral code        b) An actor’s mask
   c) A medical term                   d) A leadership style
   Ans: b
2. Which statement best captures the plain definition of personality?
   a) Only physical appearance                                       b) Only intelligence level
   c) Unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, behaviors     d) Only social manners
   Ans: c
3. The idea that personality is both stable and changeable reflects that it is:
   a) Static                                   b) Dynamic yet consistent
   c) Random                              d) Entirely inherited
   Ans: b
4. Parenting that is warm but sets clear limits is called:
   a) Authoritarian                       b) Permissive
   c) Authoritative                       d) Neglectful
   Ans: c
5. In the Big Five, Conscientiousness mainly reflects:
   a) Sociability                                       b) Imagination
   c) Organization and reliability            d) Emotional sensitivity
   Ans: c
6. A student who enjoys debate and speaks confidently in groups likely scores high on:
   a) Introversion                         b) Extraversion
   c) Neuroticism                         d) Agreeableness
   Ans: b
7. The belief “My actions can influence my results” indicates:
   a) External locus of control                 b) Internal locus of control
   c) Fatalism                                           d) Type B behaviour
   Ans: b
8. Which factor is not mainly biological?
   a) Temperament                      b) Hormonal balance
   c) Peer influence                     d) Nervous system arousal
   Ans: c
9. A useful daily habit to build emotional stability is:
   a) 4‑7‑8 breathing and reframing thoughts     b) Skipping sleep to study
   c) Avoiding all challenges                               d) Multitasking constantly
   Ans: a
10. The best exam‑ready sentence about personality development is:
    a) It only improves looks                                b) It replaces knowledge
    c) It transforms potential into performance    d) It is unnecessary in careers
    Ans: c

Q.1. Define personality and explain its concept with reference to etymology and scholarly definitions.

Answer:
The word personality has a long history and deep meaning. The term originates from the Latin word persona, which referred to the masks worn by actors in ancient theatre. Over time, this idea of an outer mask expanded to mean the whole impression a person makes on others – not just outward appearance, but also inner qualities like thinking, emotions, and behaviour.

In psychology, personality is understood as the totality of a person’s characteristics. It includes both the inner aspects (such as thoughts, emotions, values, motives) and the outward behaviour (like speech, actions, and social interactions). Thus, personality is the unique way in which an individual responds to different life situations.

Several scholars have defined personality in different ways.

• Gordon Allport (1937): Personality is the “dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.” This means personality is active, organized, and helps a person adapt.
• Raymond Cattell: He defined personality as “that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” According to him, personality is not just appearance but behaviour in action.
• Hans Eysenck: He described personality as “the more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect and physique which determines his unique adjustment to the environment.”

From these definitions, we see that personality is:

1. Unique to each person.
2. A combination of physical, emotional, mental, and social qualities.
3. Both inherited and shaped by environment.
4. Dynamic – it can change and grow with effort.

In simple words, personality is the complete picture of what a person is – inside and outside. It is the way one thinks, feels, behaves, and interacts with others. For example, a student who is confident, hardworking, and friendly has a positive personality, whereas another student who is careless and rude may be seen as having a negative personality.

Thus, personality is not only about physical appearance but the entire inner and outer being of a person. It helps in distinguishing one person from another and plays a vital role in personal and professional success.

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Q.2. Discuss the significance of personality development in human life.

Answer:
Personality development means improving and grooming one’s inner and outer self for a positive and balanced life. It is a continuous process by which a person brings out the best qualities in themselves and becomes more confident, effective, and socially acceptable.

The significance of personality development can be studied in different areas:

1. For Students:
• Personality development builds confidence in expressing ideas in the classroom.
• It improves communication skills, leadership ability, and creativity.
• A student with a developed personality learns to manage time, handle stress, and achieve academic goals effectively.
2. For Career and Profession:
• In today’s world, employers look not only for knowledge but also for personality qualities like teamwork, adaptability, and problem-solving.
• A good personality helps in interviews, group discussions, and workplace performance.
• Leaders and managers succeed because of qualities like decision-making, confidence, and communication – all outcomes of personality development.
3. For Personal and Social Life:
• A well-developed personality improves relationships with family and friends.
• It helps a person to be empathetic, cooperative, and respectful.
• Such people become role models in society, spreading positivity.
4. For Society and Nation:
• Citizens with strong personalities contribute to building a progressive and harmonious society.
• A society full of confident, responsible individuals becomes a powerful nation.

In short, personality development turns potential into performance. A person may have talent, but unless they develop qualities like confidence, discipline, and communication, they cannot achieve success. Thus, personality development is not a luxury but a necessity in modern life.

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Q.3. Describe the determinants of personality in detail.

Answer:
Personality is shaped by many factors, both internal and external. Psychologists believe that personality develops through the interaction of heredity and environment, along with life experiences. The major determinants are:

1. Biological Factors (Heredity):
• A person’s physical structure, appearance, health, and even basic temperament are influenced by heredity.
• For example, a naturally energetic and healthy child may grow into a confident adult.
2. Family and Early Environment:
• The way parents treat children, family values, and the emotional climate at home strongly affect personality.
• A supportive family produces confident children, whereas a neglectful family may produce insecure individuals.
3. Culture and Community:
• Culture gives norms, values, and traditions that shape behaviour.
• For example, collectivist cultures (like India) encourage cooperation, while individualist cultures (like the US) promote independence.
4. Education and Peer Group:
• Schools and teachers shape discipline, communication, and leadership qualities.
• Friends and peer groups influence habits, attitudes, and lifestyle.
5. Media and Technology:
• Social media, films, and TV can influence dressing style, thinking, and social behaviour.
• They can inspire positive qualities but also sometimes encourage negative habits.

 

6. Situations and Roles:
• The role a person plays in life – student, worker, parent, leader – shapes personality according to the demands of that role.
7. Life Experiences and Learning:
• Successes, failures, and struggles teach resilience and self-control.
• For example, facing hardship can make a person stronger and more mature.
8. Self-Effort and Willpower:
• The most important determinant is the individual’s own effort to improve.
• Through self-discipline, practice, and training, one can overcome weaknesses and build a strong personality.

Thus, personality is not fixed at birth. It grows and changes through interaction of heredity, environment, and self-effort. In other words, “We are not only born with a personality; we also create it every day.”